Malnutrition Screening Tools for Remote Use

 

By Anne Wright, Registered Dietitian

Introduction

It is estimated that over 1.1 million older adults (>65 years) in the UK are malnourished or are at risk of malnutrition¹. To coincide with Malnutrition Awareness Week (5-12 October 2020), this blog post will discuss nutrition risk screening tools which could be used remotely with older adults and/or vulnerable people who are shielding at home. 

 

Malnutrition Risk Screening

Nutritional screening is a simple process which is used to identify patients at risk of malnutrition. National guidance (NICE) recommends that malnutrition risk screening should be carried out by trained health professionals. All hospital inpatients and people in care homes should be screened on admission, then further when there is clinical concern. For people residing in the community, screening should take place on initial registration at general practice surgeries and when there is clinical concern².

Malnutrition risk screening tools should be practical, economical, reliable, valid and evidence-based³. They should incorporate a scoring system that is applicable to different clinical conditions and care settings, which can be linked to a care plan⁴. Most screening tools utilise a variety of variables including recent weight loss (percentage), food intake/appetite and body weight and height (anthropometric) measures.  

Screening tools specific to the older adult population include: 

•     Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST)⁵
•     Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST)⁶
•     Nutritional Risk Screening - 2002 (NRS)⁴
•     Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA-SF)⁷
•    BAPEN Malnutrition self-screening tool
•     The Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ)⁸
•    The Patients Association Nutrition Checklist

Recent COVID-19 shielding restrictions have presented significant challenges for healthcare professionals (HCPs) involved in nutrition risk screening. Some of these tools (such as MUST, MNA-SF, NRS, BAPEN tool) require the HCP to obtain accurate anthropometric measurements. Physically conducting these measurements may not be practical or feasible due to social distancing measures. For example, the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) (a frequently used screening tool) requires objective parameters such as height and weight to determine Body Mass Index (BMI) and percent weight loss over time⁹.  

In some cases, BMI can be estimated using alternative measures such as ulnar length and mid upper arm circumference (MUAC)¹⁰. However, these measurements may not be possible due to local infection policies and COVID restrictions¹¹. Plus, obtaining these measurements could be difficult for somebody without previous training or experience. 

Remote screening tools have been explored for use with patients when close contact is not feasible or safe. It has been proposed that carers, relatives and/or patients could screen/self-screen for malnutrition risk¹¹. This requires simplified remote screening tools which do not require direct anthropometric measurements. 

 

Simplified Screening Tools for Remote Use

The following screening tools do not require anthropometric measurements and can be completed by a patient or carer without assistance.

 

The Patients Association Nutrition Checklist

The Patients Association Nutrition Checklist (PANC), developed in partnership with the Malnutrition Pathway (Managing Adult Malnutrition in the Community)¹², is a simple tool designed to be used by patients and their carers. It consists of four questions (see Fig 1) and does not require anthropometric measurements. The PANC has shown acceptable sensitivity and specificity when compared to MUST¹³.

Fig 1: The Patients Association Nutrition Checklist

Are you or your family concerned that you may be underweight or need nutritional advice? Have you lost a lot of weight unintentionally in the past three to six months? Have you noticed that your clothes or rings have become loose recently? Have you recently found that you have lost your appetite and/or interest in eating?

Pilot studies¹³ have concluded that the PANC:

•   Is simple and easy to use
•   Does not require measuring devices for weight and height
•   Does not require the ability to calculate percentages
•   Is low-key so it can be used as part of an informal conversation with patients

Whilst the checklist is not intended to replace the MUST (which should be used wherever possible), it certainly has the potential to be used remotely for shielding patients.

 

Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ)

The Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) is a simple screening tool; validated to predict weight loss within six months in community-dwelling adults and long-term care residents^{14, 8}. It consists of four questions (relating to appetite, early satiety, food taste and intake) and can be completed by a patient or carer without assistance¹⁵. The four questions are:

1. My appetite is:

A. Very poor

B. Poor
C. Average
D.Good
E. Very good

2. When I eat:

A. I feel full after eating only a few mouthfuls
B. I feel full after eating about a third of a meal
C. I feel full after eating over half a meal
D. I feel full after eating most of the meal
E. I hardly ever feel full

3. Food tastes:

A. Very bad
B. Bad
C. Average
D. Good
E. Very good

4. Normally I eat:

A. Less than one meal a day
B. One meal a day
C. Two meals a day
D. Three meals a day
E. More than three meals a day

The results are based upon the following numerical scale: a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4, e = 5. The sum of the scores for the individual items indicated the SNAQ score. A SNAQ score ≤14 indicates significant risk of at least 5% weight loss within six months.

 

The Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST)

The Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) consists of two questions regarding recent unintentional weight loss and reduced oral intake. 

A numerical score of 0 to 5 is provided to categorise patients as at risk (MST score≥2) or not at risk (MST score <2)⁶.

The MST has been validated in older patients who are hospitalised or in residential care^{16, 13}. No studies have yet assessed the validity of the MST for community-dwelling older adults¹³.  

 

Summary

Nutrition risk screening is recommended to identify older adults at risk of malnutrition. Recent COVID-19 shielding restrictions have led practitioners to explore screening tools which can be used remotely and completed by a patient or carer without assistance. 

There are several alternative screening tools designed to be used by patients and their carers, which could be conducted remotely without the physical presence of an HCP. Whilst these tools are not intended to replace the MUST, they offer a suitable alternative for older or vulnerable patients who are shielding as a result of COVID and may be at risk of malnutrition. 

 

References 

1. Stratton R, Smith T, Gabe S. Managing malnutrition to improve lives and save money. 2018;(October):1–16.
2. Nutrition support for adults: oral nutrition support, enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition. NICE Guidel. 2020;(February 2006).
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5. Elia M. THE MUST REPORT Nutritional screening of adults: a multidisciplinary responsibility Executive summary Section A: Screening for malnutrition: a multidisciplinary responsibility. MAG, a Standing Comm BAPEN. 2003;
6. Di Bella A, Croisier E, Blake C, Pelecanos A, Bauer J, Brown T. Assessing the Concurrent Validity and Interrater Reliability of Patient-Led Screening Using the Malnutrition Screening Tool in the Ambulatory Cancer Care Outpatient Setting. J Acad Nutr Diet [Internet]. 2020;120(7):1210–5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2019.10.015
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9. Donini LM, Poggiogalle E, Molfino A, Rosano A, Lenzi A, Rossi Fanelli F, et al. Mini-Nutritional Assessment, Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool, and Nutrition Risk Screening Tool for the Nutritional Evaluation of Older Nursing Home Residents. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(10):959.e11-959.e18. 
10. Lorini C, Collini F, Castagnoli M, Di Bari M, Cavallini MC, Zaffarana N, et al. Using alternative or direct anthropometric measurements to assess risk for malnutrition in nursing homes. Nutrition [Internet]. 2014;30(10):1171–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.03.005
11. Covid- MAG. © BAPEN. MAG Covid-19 Update, May 2020. 2020;(May)
12. Mcgregor I, Nash L, Parsons B. A Guide to Managing Adult Malnutrition in the Community Pharmaceutical Nutrition Group. 2020;2012(May 2012):1–12.
13. Pilot projects to develop and evaluate the patients association nutrition checklist. Patients Assoc [Internet]. 2018;(December). Available from: https://www.patients-association.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=fd611c91-6ebb-4159-8444-e3f4fd5d7356
14. Power L, Mullally D, Gibney ER, Clarke M, Visser M, Volkert D, et al. A review of the validity of malnutrition screening tools used in older adults in community and healthcare settings – A MaNuEL study. Clin Nutr ESPEN [Internet]. 2018;24:1–13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.02.005
15. Cuto O, Structure F. The Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) as a Screening Tool for Risk of Malnutrition: Optimal Cuto ff , Factor Structure, and Validation in Healthy Community-Dwelling Older Adults. :1–17.
16. Rolland Y, Perrin A, Gardette V, Filhol N, Vellas B. Screening Older People at Risk of Malnutrition or Malnourished Using the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ): A Comparison With the Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) Tool. J Am Med Dir Assoc [Internet]. 2012;13(1):31–4. Available from:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2011.05.003
17. 12. Clark AB, Reijnierse EM, Lim WK, Maier AB. Prevalence of malnutrition comparing the GLIM criteria, ESPEN definition and MST malnutrition risk in geriatric rehabilitation patients: RESORT. Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2020;(xxxx). Available from:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.03.015